An Outline of Global Climate Change on Earth

An Outline of Global Climate Change on Earth There is no uncertainty that the gathering proof is recommending that the Earth’s atmosphere is consistently changing in direct outcome in view of human movement. The most significant of which causes the arrival of ozone depleting substances into the air from petroleum products. A report from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) evaluated the Earth’s normal land and ocean surface temperature has expanded by 0.6 Ââ ± 0.2 degrees Celsius since the center of the nineteenth century (â€Å"Climate Change 2014†). The biggest pieces of progress have happened after 1976. The temperature isn't the main thing to change on Earth. The models of precipitation have additionally changed. The drier districts of Earth are getting drier, in the interim different territories are getting wetter. In the areas where precipitation has flooded there has been an inconsistent lift in the predominance of the heaviest precipitation events. Moreove r, the IPCC has presumed that if no particular moves are made to diminish ozone depleting substance outflows, the Earth’s temperatures will probably ascend somewhere in the range of 1.4 and 5.8 à ¢Ã«â€ Ã¥ ¾ C from 1990 to 2100 (â€Å"Findings of the IPCC†). These estimates wind speed and precipitation are not as predictable, yet they additionally propose noteworthy changes. By and large, people are familiar with changing climatic conditions that shift on a day by day, occasional, or yearly timescale. Expanding proof proposes that notwithstanding this common environmental change, normal climatic conditions estimated over a time of thirty years or longer are likewise changing significantly more than the characteristic varieties reported in the timespans of decades or hundreds of years. As time is going on the comprehension of these causes are turning out to be increasingly comprehended. Climatologists have looked at atmosphere model reproductions of the impacts of ozone depleting substance outflows to that of the watched atmosphere changes of the past. They have additionally assessed the conceivable characteristic impacts to incorporate sun based and volcanic action. Climatologists have presumed that there is new and solid proof that most of the an Earth-wide temperature boost saw throughout the most recent fifty years is destined to be inferable from human exercises. A dangerous atmospheric devation has been archived and seen in all landmasses with the biggest temperature changes occurring at the center and high scopes of the Northern Hemisphere. The miniscule measure of climatic change that has just happened so far has effectsly affected an enormous assortment of regular environments. Over the period 1948 to 2013, the normal yearly temperature in Canada has warmed by 1.6  °C (comparative with the 1961-1990 normal), a higher pace of warming than in most different locales of the world (â€Å"Impacts of Climate Change†). There are atm osphere model recreations that have been utilized to gauge the impacts of the Earth’s past, present, and future ozone harming substance outflows on atmosphere changes. These models depend on the information of the warmth keeping properties of gases discharged into the air from man-made and regular sources. Likewise the deliberate climatic impacts of other characteristic marvels is utilized. The models utilized by the IPCC have been ensured by testing their capacity to clarify atmosphere changes that previously occurred in the Earth’s past. For the most part, the models can give average evaluations of past examples just when man-made outflows of non-ozone harming substance air contaminations are incorporated to go with the common wonders. This underscores the models show a decent gauge of the atmosphere framework, common vacillations are significant supporters of climatic changes regardless of whether they can't adequately clarify past patterns all alone, and man-made o zone harming substance discharges are an imperative supporter of atmosphere designs and are unquestionably liable to remain so going ahead.

Korean Writer, Kim, Jin-Myung essays

Korean Writer, Kim, Jin-Myung articles The same number of you previously knew about his name, he is one of the most acclaimed fiction authors in Korea. In the event that one peruses his book, he is immediately attracted into the book and become an enthusiast of him. At that point, what is this mystical force that makes everybody to like him? Today, in this presention, I will go over what is thought about him his works. He was brought into the world 1957 in Busan, grew up and graduated in Hankuk University of Foreign Studies(which is Çã'⠹⠿ãÅ"⠹â ¾iã‡ã Ã¢ ³). He preferred recorded and philosophical books so much that in any event, when he was in High School years, the time the greater part of Korean researchers concentrate hard to get into great colleges, he read such books and had addresses on his individual cohorts. His this trademark didn't leave when he was in college, and he generally read a wide range of books as opposed to reading for his assessment. In any case after his graduation, his family wasn't in such a decent condition. His more seasoned sibling was tormented extremely hard for taking an interest in Ãâ€"Çãâ€"I in his millitary years, which came about him become an intellectually disabilitated individual and pass on barely any years after. His dad was stunned from the passing of his more established child and kicked the bucket of liquor. To spare his family, K im-Jin Myung began a business, yet neglected to acheive achievement. But since of his business experience, he had the option to investigate of Korea and was dazzle by the efficient social frameworks. So he settled on his choice to acquire his sibling's aim of work for progression of Korean culture. From that time on, he began composing books and hardly any years after the fact, he kept in touch with one of the most adored book in Korea, entitled  ¹Ã£Æ'ãˆâ ­Ã¢ ²Ã£â€°Ã£Å" Çã‡â ¾Ã£ ºÃ¢ ½Ã£ Ã£â„¢. Considerably after this book, he kept composing such book and he is as yet adored especially by Korean perusers. So now how about we look why his books are needed to a lot. He distributed numerous books and still in procedure of composing and distributing them. ... <!

How The Beliefs, Values And Attitudes Of The Nurse May Impact Upon The Provision Of Person-centred Care - Free Essay Example

Provide a critical analysis of how the beliefs, values and attitudes of the nurse may impact upon the provision of person-centred care Introduction The person-centred care approach focuses holistically on the patient as an individual, rather than their diagnosis or symptoms, and ensures that their needs and choices are heard and respected. According to Draper Tetley (2013: n.p.), person-centred care is defined as an approach to nursing that focuses on the individuals personal needs, wants, desires and goals, so that they become central to their care and the nursing process. This can mean putting the persons needs, as they define them, above those identified as priorities by healthcare professionals. Theoretically, this is an achievable aim à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" nursesas a matter of principle should provide care that respects the diversity of the values, needs, choices and preferences of those in their care à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" but how can any incongruity between the values, beliefs and attitudes of the patient and those of the nurse be reconciled? Is it inevitable that this dissonance will have a negative impact on the quality of person-centred care being provided? This essay will examine the beliefs, values and attitudes of nurses planning and delivering person-centred care, and the impact these issues can have on the provision of that care. Nurses are expected to practice in a caring, knowledgeable, professional, courteous and non-judgemental manner, and the majority do this as a matter of principle, displaying unconditional positive regard for their patients at all times. However, values, beliefs and attitudes are, of course, subjective to each individual, and in the context of delivering person-centred nursing care, it is important to identify those that are holistic and therapeutic, rather than focussing only on those that are not. According to Brink Skott (2013), some diagnoses lead to preconceptions about the individuals receiving them, which subsequently negatively influence their care and treatment. This can be particularly evident in the case of mental illness, which is often mired in stigma, fear, ignorance and discrimination. Research undertaken by Chambers et al (2010: pp. 350) found that Stigma on the part of mental health professionals affects the quality of care provided for those with mental health problems, as well as their rates of recovery. Although nurses working within the field of mental health will obviously have more developed skills and knowledge in this subject than those in other specialities of nursing, it is not inconceivable that nurses may harbour some preconceptions about mental illnesses and those diagnosed with them, which may impact on how positively they deliver care to those patients. Those requiring treatment for alcohol abuse or substance misuse may also experience a less empathetic experience in the care of nurses, who may feel that the condition is self-inflicted, or that resources may be better utilised elsewhere. This attitude may be even more prevalent in cases of liver transplant due to alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver, when there may be a misplaced belief that another recipient is more deserving of the organ. Other morbidities which can be perceived as having a self-inflicted element (e.g. obesity, smoking-related illnesses, type-II diabetes, add ictions) also have the potential to be perceived negatively by nursing staff, who may lack an appropriate level of empathy and compassion, or make assumptions and pre-conceptions about these patients based on their diagnoses. In a similar manner, patients attempting suicide or deliberately self-harming, may experience stigma, a lack of sympathy and a lack of understanding from nursing staff, especially if the nurse managing their care is also involved in the care of patients suffering from serious illnesses or conditions. Caring for patients attending accident and emergency departments due to para-suicide or deliberate self-harm can evoke extremely negative emotions and attitudes amongst the nursing staff caring for them. Nurses working with such patients report experiencing high levels of ambivalence and frustration. Additionally, deliberately self-harming patients may evoke negative attitudes such as anxiety, anger, and lack of empathy (Ouzouni Nakakis 2013). A suicidal patien t voicing their desire to end their life is expressing a wish. However, in the context of person-centred care, it would be difficult to agree that this wish should be considered as a person-centred need. This could be a source of conflict, difficulty and dissonance as balancing the needs and wishes of the patient in this situation, contradicts entirely the nurses duty of care. In such circumstances, it could be argued that the care provided cannot be person-centred, as it is not in line with the patients wishes. Obviously it would be neither legal nor ethical for the nurse to allow a suicidal patient to actively attempt to end their life whilst under their care, or to comply with the patients wishes not to receive treatment if suicide had been attempted. Similar ethical considerations may also influence the treatment of patients undergoing procedures to terminate pregnancy, and may negatively influence the extent to which the care received by the patient is truly person-centred. There have been well-documented cases of nurses refusing to assist with these procedures, or to treat patients who have undergone them post-operatively. Predominantly such cases arise due to a conflict with the religious beliefs, moral convictions and ethical stance of the nurses being asked to assist with these procedures. The Nursing Midwifery Council (2015) states that Nurses and midwives must at all times keep to the principles contained within The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour of nurses and midwives (2015: n.p.). This code states that nurses and midwives who have a conscientious objection must tell colleagues, their manager and the person receiving care that they have a conscientious objection to a particular procedure. They must arrange for a suitably qualified colleague to take over responsibility for that persons care. Nurses and midwives may lawfully have conscientious objections in two areas only. Firstly, Article 4(1) of the Abortion Act 1967 (Scotland, England and Wales). This provision allows nurses and midwives to refuse to participate in the process of treatment which results in the termination of a pregnancy because they have a conscientious objection, except where it is necessary to save the life or prevent grave permanent injury to the physical or mental health of a pregnant woman. Secondly, Article 38 of the Human and Fertilisation and Embryology Act (1990). This provision allows nurses and midwives the right to refuse to participate in technological procedures to achieve conception and pregnancy because they have a conscientious objection. This is a highly contentious and emotive issue, and one which attracts much ongoing debate and argument, and is significant as it can be asked at what point does a nurses own beliefs and values take precedence over their responsibility and duty to care for their patients needs, whatever they might be? Should nurses be permitted to refuse to participate in care procedures that contradict their values or beliefs, or to refuse to provide care to those they deem undeserving? Does this set a worrying precedent for other contentious procedures to be added to the list (gender reassignment surgery for example)? It could be argued that the nurses first responsibility should be their duty of care to their patient, and this surely requires them to take a holistic and person-centred view; a view that should not be clouded by the nurses own values system or moral standpoint. The aspects of person-centred care discussed so far in this essay have been those of a contentious and perhaps, more exceptional nature. However, the more routine, day-to-day aspects of nursing are also susceptible to the influence of nurses values, beliefs and attitudes negatively impacting on the quality of person-centred care provision. Giving patients a greater degree of autonomy over their care can lead to some discord as nurses may feel that their professional expertise is being disregar ded, and may be concerned that patients informed opinions and decisions about their care may be detrimental to recovery or good health. This could lead to nurses adopting a didactic attitude in the belief that they know best, when the patient is equally certain that their decision is the right one for them. Nurses must always ensure that they are viewing the patient as a whole person, and not merely an illness or condition to be treated or managed, as this can lead to ambivalence as nurses attempt to reconcile their desire to deliver effective, evidenced-based care, knowing that patients stated wishes or preferences are contrary to this aim. However, if the patient is deemed to have capacity to make informed decisions about their care and treatment, with all the facts at their disposal, nurses must accept this if good, person-centred care is to be delivered (NHS Choices 2014). In the event that the patient does not have the capacity to make informed decisions (e.g. patients sufferin g from more advanced forms of dementia), then any known pre-morbid preferences and choices should be documented and adhered to where this is practicable. There is always a danger that individuals with dementia receive care that is task-orientated rather than person-centred. Again, nurses may make assumptions regarding what is best for the patient, rather than respecting their choices and preferences. One of the easiest ways to ensure that care is person-centred is to gather collateral about each patient prior to care or treatment commencing, so a more rounded picture can be formed. This is particularly important when dealing with people from diverse cultural backgrounds, as lack of cultural understanding and tolerance can lead to damaging misconceptions, misunderstandings and unintentional offence, which will not engender good person-centred care. Having some knowledge of patients history and background prior to treatment can be a useful tool in terms of developing appropriate ca re. The flip-side to this however is that unhelpful stereotypes or prejudices may be formed by nursing staff, based on the current or historical background of the patient. Gender (including gender identify), race, age, religious affiliation, employment status, marital status, and educational and socio-economic background can lead to assumptions (both positive and negative) being formed by nursing staff. Whilst the majority of nurses will treat their patients with unconditional positive regard and courtesy, regardless of issues that may be at odds with their own beliefs, values and attitudes, there will always be a minority who will be affected by such issues, and who will allow it to influence the care they provide. The scale of this issue is difficult to quantify, due to a lack of available evidence-based research, but it could be said that one nurse whose attitude negatively impacts on person-centred care is one nurse too many. Conclusion We have explored some of the more contentious issues that can and do arise when nurses beliefs, values and attitudes do not correspond with those of their patients, and have examined the potential impact this can have on the quality of person-centred care provided. As little research has been carried out into this subject, it is not possible to quantify the scale of the problem, nor to accurately identify where it is most prevalent. However, it is safe to say that the dichotomy between delivering truly person-centred care, whilst reconciling challenges to the nurses own core beliefs and values is not one easily solved. Modern nurses are extensively trained and highly skilled professionals, with a wider remit and range of responsibilities than their predecessors. They are however fundamentally human, with the same character flaws and failings as anyone else. It is a completely human trait to be influenced by the information we perceive or receive about others, and everyone has innat e beliefs and value systems and, whether we like it or not, innate prejudices. Although it would seem logical that professional nurses have a well-developed sense of understanding and equality, they also deal with a magnitude of very diverse people on a daily basis, generally having very limited time with each. Despite this, the majority of nurses deliver excellent, patient-focussed and person-centred care as a matter of course. Unfortunately there will always be a minority who do not. Nurse education programmes are constantly evolving to meet the shifting demands of health care, so it can only be hoped that recognising, challenging and improving unhelpful attitudes becomes an accepted part of nurse education, and becomes core to person-centred care provision. References/Bibliography: Baker J., Richards A. Campbell M. (2005). Nursing attitudes towards acute mental health care: development of a measurement tool. Journal of Advances Nursing. (49) (5) pp. 522-529. Brink E. Skott C. (2013). Caring about symptoms in person-centred care. Open Journal of Nursing (3) pp. 563-567. Chambers M., Guise V., VÃÆ' ¤limÃÆ' ¤ki M., Botelho M., Scott A., StaniulienÃÆ' © V. Zanotti R. (2010). Nurses attitudes to mental illness: A comparison of a sample of nurses from five European countries. International Journal of Nursing Studies. (47) (3) pp. 350-362. Dorsen C. (2012). An integrative review of nurse attitudes towards lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients. The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. (44) (3) pp. 8-43. Draper J. Tetley J. (2013). The importance of person-centred approaches to nursing care. The Open University. (Online). Available: https://www.open.edu/openlearn/body-mind/health/nursing/the-Importance-person-centred-approaches-nur sing-care. Last accessed 4 April 2015. Flagg A. (2015). The Role of Patient-Centered Care in Nursing. Nursing Clinics of North America. (50) (1) pp. 75-86. Hunter P., Hadjistavropoulos T., Smythe W., Malloy D., Kaasalainen S. Williams J. (2013). The Personhood in Dementia Questionnaire (PDQ): Establishing an association between beliefs about personhood and health providers approaches to person-centred care. Journal of Aging Studies. (27) (3) pp. 276-287. N.H.S. U.K. (2014). Consent to Treatment. N.H.S. Choices (Online). Available: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/consent-to-treatment/pages/introduction.aspx. Last accessed 5 Apr 2015 N.H.S. U.K. (2014). Assessing Capacity. N.H.S. Choices (Online). Available: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/consent-to-treatment/pages/capacity.aspx. Last accessed 5 Apr 2015. N.M.C. (2015). Conscientious objection by nurses and midwives. Nursing Midwifery Council (Online). Available: https://www.nmc-uk.org/The-Code/Conscientious-objection-by -nurses-and-midwives-/. Last accessed 5 Apr 2015. Ouzouni C. Nakakis K. (2013). Nurses attitudes towards attempted suicide. Health Science Journal. (7) (1) pp. 120. Roberts G., Morley C., Walters W., Malta S. Doyle C. (2015). Caring for people with dementia in residential aged care: Successes with a composite person-centered care model featuring Montessori-based activities. Geriatric Nursing. (36) (2) pp.106-110. UK Government. (1967). Abortion Act 1967 (Scotland, England and Wales). The National Archives. (Online). Available: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87. Last accessed 5 Apr 2015. UK Government. (1990). Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. The National Archives. (Online). Available: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/37/section/38. Last accessed 5 Apr 2015. Wood L., Birtel M., Alsawy S., Pyle M. Morrison A. (2014). Public perceptions of stigma towards people with schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety. Psychiatry Research. (220) (1-2 ), pp. 604-608. Yun-e L., Norman I. While A. (2012). Nurses attitudes towards older people: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies. (50) (9) pp.1271à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1282.

Gender Is Socially Constructed By Society - 861 Words

When they say that gender is socially constructed, it is related to the notion that gender is created and influenced by society. Feminine and masculine norms are constructed by what society defines as appropriate for both males and females. These characteristics then, create gender roles and gender stereotypes in which society places both females and males into and accountable for fulfilling. An example of this, is how society perceives females to be more delicate and more suited for caregiving orientated careers and males to be more intelligent and suitable for careers dealing with mathematics or in politics. By instilling those types of stigmas, society is creating a barrier between both genders, where what is expected from one gender is then utilized to define norms for the other gender. One’s gender is also defined by society based on sex. Both males and females are viewed differently based on biological differences, where one’s genetic make-up, chromosomes, hormones and reproductive organs are utilized by society as a sorting mechanism that determines whether an individual is deemed to be either a male or female. In the Kimmel and Aronson book, Kimmel it goes into further detail where he states that, â€Å"Our biological sex provides the raw material for our development...but biological sex varies little and yet the cultural definitions of gender vary enormously,† (Kimmel, 2014, pg. 3). 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Creating a role for race is racismRead MoreThe Human Mind And Behavior As Individuals And Small Groups984 Words   |  4 PagesA. Unlike psychology which focuses on leaning the human mind and behavior as individuals and small groups, sociology is the course to study human social relations and the society itself. Sociology focuses on explaining societal behavior by studying how gender, race, social classes, religion, socioeconomic status, and sexuality can associate with the overall culture. Example of sociology, social stratification, sociology will lean about how social stratification is formed and how it divides the people

Cancer Is The Uncontrolled Growth Of Cells, And Is A Major...

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells, and is a major cause of death throughout the world. The development of cancer chemotherapeutics began in the 1940s [Shewach, D. and Kuchta, R, 2009] and very early drugs were based on nitrogen mustards, agents similar to mustard gas. Sulphur mustard gas was used as chemical warfare in World War I (WWI), and this led to new approaches for cancer therapeutics. These traditional chemotherapeutic compounds however, can attack cell division in a cancerous, as well as a normal cell, as tumour and normal cells share the same DNA. This leads to several serious side effects. Newer chemotherapeutics, such as the use of monoclonal antibodies, target specific differences between tumour and normal tissue, and therefore do not exhibit such toxicities [Shewach, D. and Kuchta, R, 2009] Toxic gases were a common military weapon in WWI, the most dangerous being the sulphur mustard gas. This gas caused skin irritation, blindness and pulmonary damage [Colvin, M., 2003]. Exposure to this gas, however, also caused bone marrow suppression, and therefore sulphur mustard was labeled an anti-tumour agent. The most frequently used alkylating agents are these nitrogen mustards and cyclophosphamide, the most common of these nitrogen mustards is still used widely today. This drug is not reactive, and undergoes activation inside the body. It can be given orally, intravenously and sometimes even intramuscularly. Inside the body, it undergoes extensiveShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Air Pollution Causing By Nitrogen Oxide952 Words   |  4 PagesOctober 2013, the World Health organization had declared that air pollution cause by nitrogen oxide to be one of the planet’s most dangerous environmental carcinogens [3]. Air pollution not only causes cardiovascular diseases but it also plays a major role in heart attack, stroke, lung cancer and other chronical diseases. 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It is believed to originate from a single cell whose genetic material has undergone irreversible damage (mutation) often by a foreign noxious agent. The changed cells divide rapidly transferring impaired genetic material to their offspring. A group of such cells is known as neoplasm, which literally means new growth. In popular terminology neoplasms are simplyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Day I Die 2937 Words   |  12 PagesRak czy nie Rak (Cancer or Not) â€Å"Oskar chodÃ… º tutaj szybko!† my mom called in Polish from the living room; as I was playing upstairs with my power ranger toys. She was yelling for me to come down for something that I, being the usual four-year old boy that I was, pretended I didn’t hear. After about a minute of her pleading I felt bad, because I could sense a tone of sorrow in her voice. This next scene I will remember truly until the day I die. Down the creaky stairs I went cheerful as ever, but

Child Labour A Historically Important Role With Future Repercussions Essay Example For Students

Child Labour: A Historically Important Role With Future Repercussions Essay In a modern society that views childhood as not only an important part of one’s life but as a fundamental growing stage, the idea of child labour has taken on a severely negative connotation; so much so that as consumers we attempt to remove ourselves from any countries that associate with this practice. However Canada during the late 19th and early 20th century used child labour as a major workforce and had 80’000 immigrant child workers migrating to Canada largely from Great Britain. The development and use of child labour during the 19th and early 20th century was a manifestation of the need for children to economically support their families, however it was the availability of children from mass rises in British immigration, supplemented by a lack policy in place for the protection of children that created a rise in the use of children for work purposes; despite this a compilation of factors including both changing ideas of childhood and the effects of labour and delinquency , the dangers of industrial work and most prominently the idea of education and its importance had profound effects of the decline of child labour in the mid 20th century. A profound factor that forced this type of labour on Canada was the massive immigration of children during this period from Brit ain. For the most part these children were from the streets of Great Britain brought over by rescue or missionary groups. These groups would take children from the streets and sent them to Canada via these rescue programs and from there they would be re-introduced into society into better home, however these homes required funding for taking on a new child and so because no policies existed to prevent children from working, it was of better benefit to the c. .bour in Canada, and allowed for a transition into what we consider today to be normal working conditions and ages for children. Canadian perspective has obviously changed since this time of child labour and its use in Canada specifically, but during this time it represented necessary labour force in order to sustain families during a time of economic hardship. Through its benefits of supporting families in both urban and rural setting it was a necessary evil in during this time in Canadian history; however changing policies pushing for an educated population and a clearer understanding of the dangers involved in the workforce led to a consensus nationwide that child labour although necessary at one point was no longer necessary and instead a danger to a population which was already falling into crime and unnecessary injury.

The Expression of Gratitude Essay Example For Students

The Expression of Gratitude Essay The purpose of this study was to test the effect of verbal expression of gratitude on relationship satisfaction. It was hypothesized that participants who expressed gratitude in a close relationship would have greater relationship satisfaction than those who did not express gratitude. At the end of the study, the experimental condition had a higher relationship satisfaction after gratitude expression, than the control condition after expression. For the experimental condition, relationship satisfaction after gratitude expression was significantly higher than before expression, while for the control, relationship satisfaction after expression was not significantly different than before expression. Thus, the hypothesis was supported. The current study indicates broader implications of gratitude expression that lie beyond relationship satisfaction. Since displays of appreciation suggest an increase in relationship satisfaction, gratitude can lead to longer lasting relationships between partners, and thus produce an overall decrease in divorce rates in society. Gratitude expression can also serve as positive reinforcement, with appreciation promoting re-occurrences of certain desirable acts. Specifically, following gratitude expression, recipients may be more likely to repeat a favor, or go along with an unfavorable idea a second time, and this can apply to business environments. Showing appreciation to buyers after purchases, in form of gift certificates or discounts, may strengthen bonds between customers and marketers, and encourage buyers to make future purchases. In fact, Carey et al. reported a 2% increase in store sales after customers were thanked over the phone for their purchases (1976). Although findings of thi. .e of college freshman. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 59-85. Pruyser, P. We will write a custom essay on The Expression of Gratitude specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now W. (1976). The minister as diagnostician: Personal problems in pastoral perspective. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. Saad, G. Gill, T. (2003). An evolutionary psychology perspective on gift-giving among young adults. Psychology Marketing, 20, 765-784. Simmel, G. (1950). The sociology of Georg Simmel. Glencoe, IL: Free Press. Simon, R. W., Nath, L. E. (2004). Gender and emotion in the United States: Do men and women differ in self reports of feelings or expressive behavior? American Journal of Sociology, 109, 1137-1176. Tesser, A., Gatewood, R., Driver, M. (1968). Some determinants of gratitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 233-236. Walker, L.J., Pitts, R.C. (1998). Naturalistic conceptions of moral maturity. Developmental Psychology, 34, 403-419.